We explain the Family Court Process
If an agreement is not able to be reached between the parties amicably, by way of a parenting plan, consent orders and/or a financial agreement, a court application may be commenced in the Federal Circuit & Family Court of Australia. There are various rules in place governing the family court process.
Court proceedings should always be considered a last resort after every effort is made by the parties through their respective legal representatives, to negotiate a resolution of the matter by agreement, which can then be formalised by way of consent orders.
We strongly recommend that you seek legal advice and representation before commencing a court application.
Family Court Process
If Court proceedings are commenced in the Federal Circuit & Family Court of Australia, an outline of the timeline of events that will follow and the court process (compared to an out of court settlement) is set out as follows (with slight amendments as a result of the new Family Law Rules):
On 1 September 2021, the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia merged to form the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (FCFCA). There is now one central set of rules that governs the family court process, known as the Family Law Rules.
The merger has resulted in major structural changes to the family law system. There is now a single point of entry into the court system for all matters, a new case management pathway, synchronised family law rules and a heavier focus on compliance with pre-action procedures and dispute resolution (mediation).
The primary objective of the new system is to provide a more efficient system of justice aimed at assisting parties through the process as quickly, safely and fairly as possible without undue cost and delay.
Learn more about the amalgamated family law rules, the increased emphasis on compliance pre-action procedures and the new case management pathway below.
The New Case Management System
The following case management pathway will apply to all applications filed in the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia, other than applications allocated to special lists including the Covid-19 List, the Evatt List, child support, child maintenance and divorce proceedings.
The new case management pathway will attempt to have all matters that are unable to be resolved listed for a Final Hearing within 12 months from the date proceedings were commenced.
At the first court event, the Court will triage the matter, ensure there has been compliance with the pre-action procedures and develop a case management plan for the matter.
In parenting proceedings, the Court will make orders for the preparation of a Child Impact Report and where appropriate order the appointment of an Independent Children’s Lawyer. After receipt of the Child Impact Report the Court may list the matter for an Interim Hearing and thereafter a compliance check. Where appropriate, the court may then make orders for the attendance by the parties at dispute resolution. If the matter is not appropriate for/does not resolve at dispute resolution, the Court will conduct a compliance and readiness hearing and thereafter list the matter for Trial.
In financial proceedings, the Court may make orders for the exchange of full and frank disclosure, the preparation of valuations where the value of property is in dispute and make orders for attendance at Mediation. Where appropriate, the court will assess the appropriateness of the matter for Arbitration. If the matter does not resolve at dispute resolution, the Court will conduct a compliance and readiness hearing and thereafter will list the matter for Trial.
Frequently Asked Questions
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What is an Application?
An initiating application can seek interim orders and final orders. If only final orders are filed, then the court will not make any orders until a Final Hearing. In most parenting matters, the applicant will seek interim parenting orders. In most property matters, there is no need for interim orders unless there are urgent issues that need to be dealt with until a Final Hearing.
When filing a parenting application, an Affidavit and a Notice of Risk is required to be filed with the application.
When filing a financial application, an Affidavit and a Financial Statement is required to be filed.
What are the New Court Forms?
There are various new documents that are required to be filed under the new system, when an application for parenting orders or financial orders is filed, including as follows;
- A genuine Steps Certificate confirming the Applicant has complied with the pre-action procedures for parenting and/or financial proceedings prior to filing;
- A Parenting Questionnaire;
- A Financial Questionnaire;
- An undertaking as to disclosure for parenting and/or financial proceedings.
The above documents are in addition to the documents that are already required to be filed when an application for parenting/financial orders is made.
In Summary of the documents that are now required to be filed in parenting/financial proceedings:
Parenting Proceedings
- Initiating Application;
- Affidavit (where interim orders are sought);
- Notice of Risk;
- Section 60I certificate (evidencing attendance at mediation);
- Parenting Questionnaire;
- Genuine Steps Certificate.
Financial Proceedings
- Initiating Application;
- Affidavit (where interim orders are sought);
- Financial Statement;
- Financial Questionnaire;
- Genuine Steps Certificate.
What are the Pre-action procedures under the Family Law Rules?
The purpose of the pre-action procedures is to require parties to exhaust all possibilities for resolving the matter or at least narrowing the issues requiring a court determination, prior to commencing proceedings.
The pre-action procedures apply to any person commencing proceedings, any person responding to an application and to their lawyers.
Parties should not file proceedings unless they have exhausted all pre-action requirements, including as follows:
- Attendance at Dispute Resolution (section 60I certificate);
- Negotiation with the other party and exploring options for settlement via correspondence;
- Exchanging a notice of intention to commence proceedings which outlines:
- the issues in dispute;
- an offer of settlement;
- orders sought if proceedings are commenced;
- a request for a response in 14 days.
- Complying with the duty of disclosure;
- Genuine attempts to settle the dispute.
The usual exceptions apply to compliance with the pre-action procedures including genuine urgency or where it is not safe to undertake the above steps.
When an applicant files an application for parenting/financial orders, they must file a genuine steps certificate which certifies that they have complied with the pre-action procedures and that they have made a genuine effort to resolve the dispute.
If a party is found not to have complied with all the pre-action procedures, the Court may make costs orders against the non-complying party or, where appropriate, their lawyer.
The Court will also take compliance by each party with the pre-action procedures into account when making orders as to the case management pathway of a matter. For example, if a party has not complied with a pre-action procedure, the court may refuse to progress the application until each party has rectified their non-compliance.
What is the duty of disclosure?
Parties have a duty to make full and frank disclosure of all information relevant to the issues in dispute.
The duty of full and frank disclosure must be complied with prior to court proceedings being commenced.
Documents that must be disclosed in financial matters including a list of assets, liabilities, superannuation and all documents in that party’s possession and control relating to the property pool, each party’s financial circumstances and any other document relevant to an issue in dispute.
Documents required to be disclosed in parenting matters include medical reports, school reports, letters, drawings and photographs and any other documents relevant to an issue in dispute.
There are serious consequences for failing to provide full and frank disclosure to the other party in a timely manner, including punishment for contempt of court.
What do I need to remember regarding the new Family Law Rules?
Under the new family law rules, you must make a genuine effort to resolve the dispute by doing the following prior to commencing proceedings:
- Attendance at mediation and dispute resolution (where a valid exception does not apply);
- Negotiation and exploration of settlement options;
- Comply with disclosure obligations;
- Exchange a notice of intention to commence proceedings including an offer of settlement.
If the above steps are not complied with prior to you commencing court proceedings, serious consequences may flow including the making of costs orders against you and your lawyer.
What is an Interim Hearing?
An Interim Hearing enables any urgent issues of the parties to be dealt with by way of interim orders, pending a Final Hearing. The orders are meant to be of short term nature only until the Court has the opportunity to examine all of the evidence, listen to cross-examination of the parties and conduct a Final Hearing.
Interim Hearings will normally be limited to a period of no longer than two (2) hours. The decision made by a Judge at an Interim Hearing will be based on the Affidavits filed by the parties and any independent evidence that is produced by the parties to the court (e.g. reports or subpoena records). Cross-examination (oral evidence) is generally not permitted at the Interim Hearing except in exceptional cases and for a limited purpose.
At an Interim Hearing, the Court is not in a position to make decisions (findings) about the facts of the case (i.e. what is true and what is not true).
Put simply, this means that a Court cannot make a decision as to whether party A or party B is telling the truth where party A and party B disagree as to the truth of a fact or facts in the case (these are known as disputes of fact).
As you would expect, where a matter ends up in Court, there are generally significant disputes between the parties as to the facts because of competing allegations that are made by each of them against the other. This puts a Judge in a difficult position at an Interim Hearing, because they are required to make a decision (Judgement) on the evidence before them and put some temporary orders in place until a Final Hearing (which could be for a period of twelve to fifteen months down the track or longer), where most of the facts are disputed. The Judge is therefore required to make a decision at an Interim Hearing based on the agreed facts and they may also have regard to any independent evidence that has been produced and attach to it such weight as they consider appropriate.
This means that in a parenting matter, any allegation made by a party against the other, which if true, would give the Court cause to be concerned about the safety of the children in that party’s care, is taken very seriously by the Courts. Therefore, the Courts will always act conservatively at an Interim Hearing in the orders it makes, where there are significant disputes of fact between the parties, to ensure the children are protected from physical and/or psychological harm, until the evidence of the parties is able to be ‘tested’ at a final hearing. Allegations will more likely be treated seriously by the Court where there is independent evidence produced by a party to support the allegation they are making. Either way, the best interests of the child is the court’s priority not the interests of each of the parties. This does not mean that the Judge has predetermined the truth of an allegation made by a party, just that the Court will always err on the side of caution until it has the opportunity to examine all the evidence in detail, listen to cross-examination of the parties and make decisions in relation the facts of the case, at a Final Hearing.
Common orders that will be made at an interim hearing are in relation to the children’s living arrangements, occupation of the matrimonial home, interim spousal maintenance, litigation funding orders, injunctions to protect property and orders to progress the matter, for example that an Independent Children’s Lawyer be appointed, and an order for preparation of a Family Report.
Check out our family law information videos below for more information on interim hearings in relation to parenting matters:
What is a Conciliation Conference / Mediation (property matters)?
A Conciliation Conference is a form of mediation conducted by a Registrar that provides the parties with an opportunity to negotiate an agreement to their dispute. A Conciliation Conference is paid for by the Court and is therefore only ordered in small property pool cases.
A Mediation is conducted by a dispute resolution practitioner appointed jointly by the parties and the costs of the mediation are paid for by the parties.
Most property settlement cases will settle at the Mediation/Conciliation Conference.
What is an Independent Children’s Lawyer?
An Independent Children’s Lawyer (ICL) is a lawyer appointed by the Court to act in the best interests of the children. An ICL is appointed if the Court deems that there are good reasons for their appointment.
The usual reasons that will result in appointment of an Independent Children’s Lawyer are where there are allegations of child abuse, concerns in respect of the mental health of the parties and/or their parenting capacity, religious and cultural issues, where one of the parties is not the biological parent of the children, where there is an older sibling who is rejecting one parent, where there is a proposal to separate the siblings or where the parties are in intractable conflict.
The ICL does not actually take instructions from the children but represents their theoretical best interests by performing their own investigations, independent of those performed by the parties, and arranging preparation of certain reports which will assist the Court to determine what orders are in the children’s best interests.
What is a Family Report ?
The Family Report process is where a psychologist or family consultant experienced in child related matters interviews the parties, the children and significant others, and writes a detailed report wherein they draw conclusions and make recommendations based on those conclusions, as to what orders are in their view, in the children’s best interests.
The Family Report Writer may be appointed by the Court or jointly appointed by the parties (a report writer will only be appointed by and paid for by the court if the parties financial circumstances are such that the Court deems that they are not in a position to pay for the Family Report).
The Family Report is generally speaking, a very heavily weighted piece of evidence by the Court. At an interim hearing stage, it is often the only (or one of the only) independent pieces of evidence the Court has to guide them as to what interim orders are in the children’s best interests, until they have the benefit of assessing all of the evidence in detail at a Final Hearing.
The weight that is given to the Family Report at a Final Hearing, will vary, depending on what is said when the report writer is cross-examined by each of the parties and whether the Court accepts the findings made by the report writer or not.
The Court is not required to accept the findings of the report writer and make orders in accordance with the recommendations. After assessing all the evidence at a Final Hearing, the Court will draw its own conclusion, which may or may not differ from the conclusions and recommendations contained in the family report.
Check out our information video on What is the purpose of the Family Report for more information on this topic.
Final Hearing
The Final Hearing is conducted by a Judge in the Federal Circuit & Family Court of Australia. Prior to the Final Hearing, the parties and witnesses will have filed Affidavits. At the Final Hearing, the parties and all other witnesses, including the family report writer, will give evidence and be cross-examined in relation to their evidence in their Affidavits. A Barrister will be engaged by each of the parties at the Final Hearing to conduct the Hearing. The Barristers will make submissions at the conclusion of the Final Hearing, summarising the evidence, their client’s case and why the Court should make the orders sought by their client.
It is rare that the Judge will give his/her judgement on the day of the Final Hearing (ex tempore). More commonly the Judge will reserve Judgement and the decision will be handed down at a later date, usually 2 or 3 months down the track.
Only 3% of matters will reach a Final Hearing. It can sometimes take over two years before a matter reaches a Final Hearing stage.
Consent Orders
At any point after a Court proceeding has been commenced, the parties can negotiate a final agreement, and have that agreement formalised by the Court. If this occurs, the Court will make Final Orders pursuant to the agreement between the parties, pending those orders being Just & Equitable (property) or in the children’s best interests (children).
97% of Court proceedings will settle in this manner, prior to a Final Hearing.
Check out our family law information videos below for more information on consent orders:
- How to formalise a property settlement or parenting agreement;
- time limits on property settlements;
- How a court determines your property entitlements;
- When can a parenting order be changed?
- top 10 myths in family law exposed.
Length of Court Process
As is illustrated in the diagram, most parenting and/or property settlement proceedings will take a a minimum of eighteen months to reach a Hearing stage. Regrettably, given the delays in having a matter listed for a Final Hearing, some matters are in the system for more than 2 1/2 years.
The estimated time line of 18 months to 2 1/2 years does not however take into account matters of complexity that may arise during the court proceeding, causing further delays in the matter being listed for a Final Hearing. It also does not take into account further interim applications filed by the parties during the Court proceeding and prior to a Final Hearing. Frequently, urgent issues will pop up in family court proceedings that cause a party to file an interim application (known as an application in a case) and request a further Interim Hearing in order for the Court to deal with those issues, which in their view cannot wait to be dealt with until a Trial.
Factors like these may result in matters being delayed for three years or longer before a Final Hearing takes place.
Generally, because of the current delays in the Court system, the Courts are reticent to give parties a second interim hearing unless there is a very good reason to support their request and the urgency of it.
Costs of the Court Process
Court Proceedings are very expensive. For the 3% of matters that reach a Final Hearing, the parties involved are looking at costs of between $40,000 to $100,000. This does not include any costs orders made by the Court. Sometimes costs can escalate above this amount where there are delays and complexities arise.
There are also emotional costs too. This process can be very stressful and emotionally and psychologically demanding for all parties involved and even moreso on the children.
Lastly, there are time costs. As stated above, Court proceedings take an average of two (2) years to resolve at a Hearing. This does not include the time spent negotiating prior to a Court application being commenced.
We recommend that before filing a Court application you obtain legal advice from a specialist family lawyer and consider and finely balance all the costs of going to court, not just the financial costs, but the time costs and emotional costs as well.
Benefits of Mediation versus Court Proceedings
When considering the delays inherent in the Court process and the costs involved, there are many good reasons to choose the mediation pathway to resolve or at least narrow the issues in dispute:
- Mediation saves money;
- Mediation resolves your issues much quicker than through the family courts;
- Mediation ensures a certain and predictable resolution, that you have control and ownership of.
No one ever ‘wins’ in the Family Court system. There are however many losers due to the financial and emotional costs associated with going to Court. A decision is handed down to you by a third party, not chosen by you or the other party and often parties walk away with an outcome that neither of them are happy with. A successful mediation will result in an agreement that everyone can live with which eliminates the uncertainty of a Final Hearing.
Mediation is a win win solution. It gives you control over your decision. By choosing mediation you choose a quicker and less costly pathway and an outcome that you have control and ownership of.
Check out the following pages for more information on this topic:
- Our Mediation Services
- Can I go to court without mediating first?
- ‘Why you should give Mediation a Crack’
Seek advice promptly
It is very important to be proactive in seeking legal advice from a specialist family lawyer following separation about the family court process and your rights and entitlements. The most common mistake we see being made is that people will wait for months or even years following separation before seeking family law advice and they do so in a reactive manner, after a climactic event that has caused them emotional or financial stress.
Seeking prompt legal advice following separation will maximise the prospects of your matter being resolved quickly, cost effectively and without the need for the family court process, which will inevitably involve bitter and drawn out litigation.
Before deciding on your lawyer, we recommend you watch our video, 6 things to know before hiring a family law.
Contact us for more information and to book a reduced rate initial consultation with one of our experienced Brisbane Family Lawyers.
If you would like to book a mediation with our experienced Brisbane Family Mediator, check out our mediation availability calendar.